Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Technique

Nidich S., et al. Stress reduction with the Transcendental Meditation program in caregivers: A pilot study; International Archives of Nursing and Health Care 1:2, 2015.

Link to article: https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ianhc/international-archives-of-nursing-and-health-care-ianhc-1-011.pdf

Yoshimura M., et al. Disaster relief for the Japanese earthquake-tsunami of 2011: Stress reduction through the Transcendental Meditation® Technique; Psychological Reports: Mental & Physical Health 117:1,1-11, 2015.

Elder C., et al. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on employee stress, depression, and burnout: A randomized controlled study; The Permanente Journal 18:1, 19-23, 2014.

Link to article: http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2014/winter/5591-transcendental-meditation.html

Walton K.G., et al. Lowering cortisol and CVD risk in postmenopausal women: a pilot study using the Transcendental Meditation program; Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 1032, 211-215, 2005.

Barnes V.A., et al. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure; Journal of Psychosomatic Research 51, 597-605, 2001.

Orme-Johnson D.W. and Walton K.G. All approaches of preventing or reversing effects of stress are not the same; American Journal of Health Promotion 12, 297-299, 1998.

Link to article: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.4278/0890-1171-12.5.297

Schneider R.H. Altered responses of cortisol, GH, TSH and testosterone to acute stress after four months’ practice of Transcendental Meditation (TM); Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 746, 381-384, 1994.

Jevning R., et al. The physiology of meditation: A review. A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response; Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 16:3, 415-24, 1992.

Link to abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1528528

Gaylord C., et al. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique and progressive muscle relaxation on EEG coherence, stress reactivity, and mental health in black adults; International Journal of Neuroscience 46, 77-86, 1989.

Dillbeck M.C. and Orme-Johnson D.W. Physiological differences between Transcendental Meditation and rest; American Psychologist 42, 879–881, 1987.

Brooks J.S. and Scarano T. Transcendental Meditation in the treatment of post-Vietnam adjustment; Journal of Counseling and Development 64, 212-215, 1985.

Subrahmanyam S. and Porkodi K. Neurohumoral correlates of Transcendental Meditation; Journal of Biomedicine 1, 73–88, 1980.

Jevning R., et al. Adrenocortical activity during meditation; Hormonal Behavior 10:1, 54-60, Feb, 1978.

Orme-Johnson D.W. Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation; Psychosomatic Medicine 35, 341-349, 1973.

Faster Rate of Recovery from Stress

Barnes V.A., Treiber F.A. and Davis H. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure; Journal of Psychosomatic Research 51, 597-605, 2001.

Link to abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595248

Orme-Johnson, D.W. Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation; Psychosomatic Medicine 35, 341-349, 1973.

Reduced Pain

Orme-Johnson D.W., et al. Neuroimaging of meditation’s effect on brain reactivity to pain; Neuroreport, 17:12, 1359–1363, 2006.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2170475/pdf/nihms29700.pdf

Mills W.W. and Farrow J.T. The Transcendental Meditation technique and acute experimental pain; Psychosomatic Medicine 43:2, 157–164, 1981.

Reduced Insomnia

Elder C., et al. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on employee burnout: A randomized controlled study; The Permanente Journal 18:1, 19-23, 2014.

Orme-Johnson D.W., et al. Meditation in the treatment of chronic pain and insomnia; In National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference on Integration of Behavioral and Relaxation Approaches into the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Insomnia, Bethesda Maryland, National Institutes of Health, 1995.

Haratani T., et al. Effects of Transcendental Meditation (TM) on the health behavior of industrial workers; Japanese Journal of Public Health 37:10 Suppl., 729, 1990.

Lovell-Smith H.D. Transcendental Meditation: Treating the patient as well as the disease; The New Zealand Family Physician 9, 62-65, April 1982.

Decreased Cardiovascular Disease

Schneider R.H. and Carr T. Transcendental Meditation in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and pathophysiological mechanisms: An evidence-based review; Advances in Integrative Medicine. 2014.

Link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4646647/

Walton K.G., et al. A pooled analysis of outcome studies with carotid intima-media thickness; Journal of Preventative Cardiology, 4:1, 615-623, 2014.

Rainforth M.V., et al. Stress reduction programs in patients with elevated blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Current Hypertension Reports 9:6, 520-528, 2007.

Link to abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18350109

Barnes V.A. and Orme-Johnson D.W. Clinical and pre-clinical applications of the Transcendental Meditation program in the prevention and treatment of essential hypertension and cardiovascular disease in youth and adults: A research review; Current Hypertension Reviews 2, 207-218, 2006.

Schneider R.H., et al. Cardiovascular disease prevention and health promotion with the Transcendental Meditation program and Maharishi Consciousness-Based Health Care; Ethnicity and Disease 16:3, Supp 4, 15-26, 2006.

Link to full article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267926/pdf/nihms35946.pdf

Paul-Labrador M., et al. Effects of randomized controlled trial of Transcendental Meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease; Archives of Internal Medicine 166, 1218-1224, 2006.

Walton K.G., et al. Review of controlled clinical research on the Transcendental Meditation program and cardiovascular disease: Risk factors, morbidity, and mortality; Cardiology in Review 12:5, 262-266, 2004.

Link to full article : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211376/pdf/nihms35945.pdf

Walton K.G., et al. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease, Part 2: Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in treatment and prevention; Behavioral Medicine 28, 106-123, 2002.

Cooper M.J. and Aygen M.M. A relaxation technique in the management of hypercholesterolemia; Journal of Human Stress 5:4, 24-27, 1979

Increased Longevity and Other Improved Health Outcomes

O’Connell D.F. and Bevvino D.L. (eds). Prescribing Health: Transcendental Meditation in Contemporary Medical Care; Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Infante J.R., et al. Levels of immune cells in transcendental meditation practitioners; International Journal of Yoga 7:2, 147-151, 2014

Link to abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25035626

Alexander C.N., et al. The effects of Transcendental Meditation compared to other methods of relaxation in reducing risk factors, morbidity, and mortality; Homeostasis, 35, 243-264, 1994.

Alexander C.N., et al. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, 950-964, 1989.

Wallace R.K., et al. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the aging process; International Journal of Neuroscience 16, 53-58, 1982.

O’Connell D.F. and Bevvino D.L. (eds). Prescribing Health: Transcendental Meditation in Contemporary Medical Care; Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Infante J.R., et al. Levels of immune cells in transcendental meditation practitioners; International Journal of Yoga 7:2, 147-151, 2014

Link to abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25035626

Alexander C.N., et al. The effects of Transcendental Meditation compared to other methods of relaxation in reducing risk factors, morbidity, and mortality; Homeostasis, 35, 243-264, 1994.

Alexander C.N., et al. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, 950-964, 1989.

Wallace R.K., et al. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the aging process; International Journal of Neuroscience 16, 53-58, 1982.

Bai Z., et al. Investigating the effect of Transcendental Meditation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis; Journal of Human Hypertension 29, 653-662, 2015.

Link to article: https://www.nature.com/articles/jhh20156

Brook R.D., et al. Beyond medications and diet: Alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2013, 61: 6, 1360-1383, 2013.

Anderson J.W., et al. Blood pressure response to Transcendental Meditation: A meta-analysis; American Journal of Hypertension 21:3, 310-6, 2008.

Link to abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311126

Rainforth M.V., et al. Stress reduction programs in patients with elevated blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Current Hypertension Reports December 9:6, 520–528, 2007.

Link to article: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268875/pdf/nihms-34949.pdf

American Journal of Cardiology 95, 1060-1064, 2005.

Link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482831/

Barnes V.A., et al. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on ambulatory blood pressure in African-American adolescents; American Journal of Hypertension 17, 366-369, 2004.

Link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293501/

Barnes V.A., et al. Acute effects of Transcendental Meditation on hemodynamic functioning in middle-aged adults; Psychosomatic Medicine 61, 525-531, 1999.

Link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216046/

Alexander C.N., et al. Trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans (part II): sex and risk subgroup analysis; Hypertension 28, 228-237, 1996.

Herron, R.E., et al. Cost-effective hypertension management: Comparison of drug therapies with an alternative program; American Journal of Managed Care 2:4 427-437, 1996.

King C., et al. Improved dyslipidemia: A twelve month study; Paper presented at the American Public Health Association’s Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 2009.

Paul-Labrador M. Effects of a randomized controlled trial of Transcendental Meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease; Archives of Internal Medicine 166, 1218-1224, 2006.

Link to article: http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/410453

Herron R.E. Changes in physician costs among high-cost Transcendental Meditation practitioners compared with high-cost non-practitioners over 5 years; American Journal of Health Promotion 26:1, 56–60, 2005.

Herron R.E. Can the Transcendental Meditation program reduce the medical expenditures of older people? A longitudinal cost-reduction study in Canada; Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 17:1, 415–442, 2005.

Herron R.E. and Hillis S.L. The impact of the Transcendental Meditation program on government payments to physicians in Quebec: An update; American Journal of Health Promotion 14:5, 284–291, 2000.

Orme-Johnson D.W. and Herron R.E. An innovative approach to reducing medical care utilization and expenditures; American Journal of Managed Care 3, 135–144, 1997.

Herron R.E., et al. The impact of the Transcendental Meditation program on government payments to physicians in Quebec; American Journal of Health Promotion 10, 208–216, 1996.

Herron, R.E., et al. Cost-effective hypertension management: Comparison of drug therapies with an alternative program; American Journal of Managed Care II(4), 427–437, 1996.

Orme-Johnson D.W. Medical care utilization and the Transcendental Meditation program; Psychosomatic Medicine 49: 493–507, 1987.

Jayadevappa R., et al. Effectiveness of Transcendental Meditation on functional capacity and quality of life of African Americans with congestive heart failure: A randomized control study; Ethnicity and Disease 17, 72-77, 2007.

Link to full article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048830/pdf/nihms29698.pdf

Castillo R.A., et al. Effects of stress reduction on carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive African-Americans; Stroke 31, 568-573, 2000.

Link to article: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/strokeaha/31/3/568.full.pdf

Schneider R.H. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on weight control in African-American adolescents; Paper presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting April 22-25, Montreal, 2009.

Sedlmeier P., et al. The psychological effects of meditation: A meta-analysis; Psychological Bulletin 138:6, 1139-1171, 2012.

Link to abstract:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582738

Elder C., et al. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on employee stress, depression, and burnout: A randomized controlled study; The Permanente Journal 18:1, 19-23, 2014.

Link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951026/

Elder C., et al. Reduced psychological distress in racial and ethnic minority students practicing the Transcendental Meditation program; Journal of Instructional Psychology 38:2, 109-116, 2011.

Goldstein L., et al. The effect of transcendental meditation on self-efficacy, perceived stress, and quality of life in mothers in Uganda; Health Care for Women International, April 18. 2018.

Goldstein L. Empowerment from within in the lives of mothers: research on the Transcendental Meditation programme, Alliance of Women Scientists and Scholars for a Better World, International Conference at Maharishi European Research UniversityVlodrop, Holland, 4-6 July, 2013.

Orme-Johnson D.W. and Barnes V.A. Comment on ‘Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being’; Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 23:1, 75-78, 2017.

Orme-Johnson D.W. and Barnes V.A. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials; Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 19, 1-12, 2013.

Link to article: http://www.tm.org/healthpro/downloads/Journal-of-A&C-Medicine.pdf

Rees B., et al. Reduction in post-traumatic stress symptoms in Congolese refugees practicing Transcendental Meditation; Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1-14, 2013

Eppley K.R., et al. Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis; Journal of Clinical Psychology 45:6, 957-974, 1989.

Link to abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-4679(198911)45:6%3C957::AID-JCLP2270450622%3E3.0.CO;2-Q/abstract

Dillbeck M.C. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique on anxiety level; Journal of Clinical Psychology 33, 1076-1078, 1977.

Niditch, S., et al. Non-trauma-focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomised controlled trial; Lancet Psychiatry, Nov, 15, 2018 Click here to read full article

Elder C. Mind-body training for at-risk populations: preventive medicine at its best (editorial); The Permanente Journal, 21:1, 2017

Link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5283788/

Barnes V.A, et al, Transcendental Meditation® and psychotropic medication use among active duty military service members with anxiety and PTSD; Military Medicine 181:1, 56-63. 2016.

Rees B., et al. Significant reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms in Congolese refugees within 10 days of Transcendental Meditation practice; Journal of Traumatic Stress 27:1, 112-115, 2014.

Barnes V.A, Rigg J.L. and Williams J.J. Clinical case series: treatment of PTSD with Transcendental Meditation in active duty military personnel; Military Medicine 178: 7, e836-40, 2013.

Link to abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23820361

Rees B, et al. Reduction in posttraumatic stress symptoms in Congolese refugees practicing Transcendental Meditation; Journal of Traumatic Stress 26:2, 295-298, 2013.

Nidich S., et al. Transcendental Meditation and reduced trauma symptoms in female inmates: A randomized controlled study; The Permanente Journal 21:1, 16-008, 2017.

Link to article: https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-008

Schötz E., et al. Time perception, mindfulness and attentional capacities in transcendental meditators and matched controls. Personality and Individual Differences 93: 1, 16-21, 2016

Chandler H.M., et al. Transcendental Meditation and post conventional self-development: A 10-year longitudinal study; Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 17:1, 93–121, 2005.

Alexander C.N., et al. Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization and psychological health: A conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis; Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6, 189-247, 1991.

Alexander C.N., et al. Major issues in the exploration of adult growth; In C.N. Alexander and EJ. Langer (Eds.), Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth p. 3-32. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Gelderloos P., et al. Transcendence and psychological health: studies with long-term participants of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program; Journal of Psychology 124(2) 177–197, 1990.

Alexander C.N., et al. Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: A conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis; Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6, 189-247, 1991.

Gelderloos P. Cognitive orientation toward positive values in advanced participants of the TM and TM-Sidhi program; Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, 1003-1012, 1987.

Gelderloos P. and Beto Z. The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and reported experiences of transcendental consciousness; Psychologia—An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient 32:2 91–103, 1989.

Seeman W., et al. Influence of Transcendental Meditation on a measure of self-actualization Journal of Counseling Psychology 19, 184-187, 1972.

Avvenuti, G., et al. Reductions in perceived stress following Transcendental Meditation practice are associated with increased brain regional connectivity at rest; Brain and Cognition 139, March, 2020. Link to abstract: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105517

Faber P.L., et al. EEG microstates during different phases of Transcendental Meditation practice. Cognitive Processing 18:3, 307-314, 2017.

Travis F. and Parim N. Default mode network activation and Transcendental Meditation practice: Focused attention or automatic self-transcending?; Brain and Cognition 111, 86-94, 2017 .

Travis F. Transcending as a driver of development; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2016.

Travis F. Transcendental experiences during meditation practice; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1307:1-8, 2014.

Travis F., et al. Effects of Transcendental Meditation Practice on Brain Functioning and Stress Reactivity in College Students; International Journal of Psychophysiology 71:2, 170-176, 2009.

Link to abstract: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167876008008088

Orme-Johnson D.W., et al. Neuroimaging of meditation’s effect on brain reactivity to pain; NeuroReport 17:12, 1359–1363, 2006.

Link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2170475/pdf/nihms29700.pdf

Yamamoto S., et al. Medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulated cortex in the generation of alpha activity induced by Transcendental Meditation: A magnetoencephalographic study; Acta Medica Okayama 60:1, 51-58, 2006.

Hebert R., et al. Enhanced EEG alpha time-domain phase synchrony during Transcendental Meditation: Implications for cortical integration theory; Signal Processing 85:11, 2213-2232, 2005.

Travis F. Patterns of EEG coherence, power, and contingent negative variation characterize the integration of transcendental and waking states; Biological Psychology 61, 293-319, 2002.

Travis F. Eyes open and TM EEG patterns after one and after eight years of TM practice; Psychophysiology 28:3a, S58, 1991.

Goddard P.H. Reduced age-related declines of P300 latency in elderly practicing Transcendental Meditation; Psychophysiology 26, 529, 1989.

Gallois P. Modifications neurophysiologiques et respiratoires lors de la pratique des techniques de relaxation; L’Encéphale 10: 139-144, 1984.

Wallace R.K., et al. Modification of the paired H reflex through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program; Experimental Neurology 79, 77-86, 1983.

Dillbeck M.C., and Bronson E.C. Short-term longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on EEG power and coherence; International Journal of Neuroscience 14: 147–151, 1981.

McEvoy T.M., et al. Effects of meditation on brainstem auditory evoked potentials; International Journal of Neuroscience 10, 165-170, 1980.

Bennett J.E., and Trinder J. Hemispheric laterality and cognitive style associated with Transcendental Meditation; Psychophysiology 14, 293-296, 1977.

Harung, H.S. Peak performance and higher states of consciousness: A study of world-class performers; Journal of Managerial Psychology 11:4, 3–23, 1996.

Link to abstract: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/02683949610117580

Alexander, C.N., et al. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on stress-reduction, health, and employee development: A prospective study in two occupational settings; Stress, Anxiety and Coping 6, 245–262, 1993.

Link to abstract: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10615809308248383

Alexander C.N., Heaton D.P. and Chandler H.M. Promoting adult psychological development: Implications for management education; Proceedings of the Association of Management, Human Resource Management 2, 133–137, 1990.

McCollum B. Leadership development and self-development: An empirical study; Career Development International 4:3, 149–154, 1990.

Frew D.W. Transcendental Meditation and productivity; Academy of Management Journal 362-368, 17:2, 1974.

So K.T. and Orme-Johnson D.W. Three randomized experiments on the holistic longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on cognition; Intelligence 29:5, 419-440, 2001.

Alexander C.N. and Gackenbach J. Transcendental Meditation and improved performance on intelligence-related measures: A longitudinal study; Personality and Individual Differences 12, 1105–1116, 1991.

Cranson R.W., et al. Transcendental Meditation and improved performance on intelligence-related measures: A longitudinal study; Personality and Individual Differences 12, 1105-1116, 1991.

Dillbeck M.C., et al. Longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on cognitive ability and cognitive style; Perceptual and Motor Skills 62: 731-738, 1986.

Dillbeck M.C. Meditation and flexibility of visual perception and verbal problem solving; Memory & Cognition 10, 207-215, 1982.

Link or full article: http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03197631

Aron A., et al. The Transcendental Meditation program in the college curriculum: A 4-year longitudinal study of effects on cognitive and affective functioning; College Student Journal 15, 140-146, 1981.

Travis F. The Transcendental Meditation technique and creativity: A longitudinal study of Cornell University undergraduates; Journal of Creative Behavior 13, 169-180, 1979.

Tanner M., et al. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on mindfulness; Journal of Clinical Psychology 65:6, 574-89, 2009.

Link to abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jclp.20544/abstract

Alexander C.N., et al. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through Transcendental Meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis; Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 11, 13-87, 1994.

Walton K.G. and Levitsky, D.A. A neuroendocrine mechanism for the reduction of drug use and addictions by Transcendental Meditation; Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 11, 89-117, 1994.

Orme-Johnson D.W. Transcendental Meditation as an epidemiological approach to drug and alcohol abuse: Theory, research, and financial impact evaluation; Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 11, 119-165, 1994.

Gelderloos P. et al. Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in preventing and treating substance misuse: A review; International Journal of the Addictions 26, 293–325, 1991.

Clements G., et al. The use of the Transcendental Meditation programme in the prevention of drug abuse and in the treatment of drug-addicted persons Bulletin on Narcotics 40:1, 51–56, 1988.

Aron E.N. and Aron A. The patterns of reduction of drug and alcohol use among Transcendental Meditation participants; Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors 2, 28-33, 1983.

Monahan R.J. Secondary prevention of drug dependence through the Transcendental Meditation program in metropolitan Philadelphia; The International Journal of the Addictions 12, 729-754, 1977.

Shafii M., et al. Meditation and the prevention of alcohol abuse; American Journal of Psychiatry 132, 942-945, 1975.

Wallace R.K., et al. Decreased drug abuse with Transcendental Meditation: A study of 1,862 subjects. In Drug Abuse: Proceedings of the International Conference, ed. Chris J.D. Zarafonetis (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger): 369-376, 1972.

Royer, A. The role of the Transcendental Meditation technique in promoting smoking cessation: A longitudinal study; Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 11, 219-236, 1994.

Cavanaugh K.L. and Dillbeck M.C. Field effects of consciousness and reduction in US urban murder rates: Evaluation of a prospective quasi-experiment; Journal of Health and Environmental Research 3:1, 32-43, 2017.

Hawkins, M.A. Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in criminal rehabilitation and substance abuse recovery; Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 36:1, 2003.

Link to abstract: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J076v36n01_03